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中国电动车价格已低于燃油车,美国电动车市场表现如何?
发布时间:2025-08-31

    2024年12月1日,泰国曼谷市中心的一家PTT充电站,一名比亚迪(BYD)车主正在为其电动车充电。图片来源:Lauren DeCicca/Getty Images  中国电动车价格已低于燃油车,而在美国,电动车平均仍比燃油车贵约1.4万美元,尽管这一差距自2019年以来有所缩小。与此同时,美国“三巨头”的电动车业务依然未能盈利,规模化扩张也进展缓慢。据专家分析,这与缺乏联邦政府支持性政策密切相关。  中国在电动车竞赛中已经跨越了一个重要里程碑:目前,纯电动车价格低于同级别燃油车。相比之下,美国电动车依然存在高额溢价,汽车数据分析公司JATO Dynamics的最新数据显示,平均溢价高达1.4万美元。  加州大学戴维斯分校交通研究所(UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies)创始主任丹·斯珀林(Dan Sperling)在接受《财富》采访时表示,1.4万美元的溢价可能被高估了,但他承认确实存在巨大价差。  斯珀林指出,这一巨大价差并不仅仅反映消费者偏好。中国各地政府竞相争夺电动车产业第一,促成了低成本电动车的“白热化竞争”。再加上本土化供应链优势,中国的劳动力和电池成本也更低。  “虽然人们常提到补贴,但目前补贴的影响已微乎其微,”他补充道。  JATO数据显示,中国燃油车的平均售价为2.25万欧元(约合26,205美元),而纯电动车的平均售价则低3%,为2.19万欧元(约合25,509美元)。这与五年前电动车比燃油车贵10%的局面形成巨大反差。  成果随处可见。中国龙头车企比亚迪(BYD)去年销量突破400万辆,是2020年的十倍,如今,从波哥大到布达佩斯的街头,都能看到比亚迪的身影。在欧洲,比亚迪紧凑型车型海豚(Dolphin)的零售价不足2万欧元(约合23,200美元),约是特斯拉Model 3价格的一半。  分析师此前在接受《财富》采访时表示,比亚迪(BYD)通过不断发布新品、严格控制电池供应链以及甘愿牺牲短期利润的战略,正在全面压制传统车企。  斯珀林则警告称,美国过于沉迷于关税博弈,反而忽视了本土电动车产业的发展。他的话印证了那句老话:最好的防守就是进攻。超过100%的高关税虽然挡住了中国车企进入美国市场,但这种保护措施只是在拖延时间,同时也可能让美国车企失去进取心。  “历史早已证明,绝对保护主义往往会削弱而非增强行业竞争力,”他说。  斯珀林指出,由于缺乏直接竞争压力,通用(GM)、福特(Ford)和斯特兰蒂斯(Stellantis)三大汽车巨头对电动车创新的动力不足。  不过,JATO数据显示,过去五年,美国电动车与燃油车的价差已在缩小。2019年,燃油车比电动车便宜44%;到2024年,这一差距缩小至31%。  尽管已有进展,但斯珀林强调,美国仍然缺乏税收抵免、采购配额以及普遍补贴等推动车企规模化生产电动车的结构性政策。  “三巨头”的困境  可以肯定的是,尽管电动车业务亏损不断累积,汽车制造商们仍在大力推进电动车战略。  福特(Ford)本月宣布斥资50亿美元启动新电动车计划,将改造其肯塔基州工厂,以期到2027年投产售价3万美元的电动皮卡,这是其实现电动车规模化生产的雄心勃勃之举。  分析师指出,此举可能成为福特历史性的产业革新,也可能让本已亏损的业务部门再损失数十亿美元。自2023年初以来,福特电动车部门累计亏损已超120亿美元。  通用汽车(GM)今年6月也宣布向其电动车业务在内的本土制造业投资40亿美元。2024年第四季度,通用电动车产品组合实现了“单车利润转正”,即每售出一辆电动车都能覆盖其生产成本(但不包括劳动力或电动车工厂等固定成本)。  通用拥有美国市场第二大电动车产品线,销量仅次于特斯拉。然而,法国巴黎银行Exane(BNP Paribas Exane)高级汽车研究分析师詹姆斯·皮卡列罗(James Picariello)此前向《财富》透露,据其估算,通用去年生产并销售给经销商的18.9万辆电动车共计亏损约25亿美元。  今年早些时候,通用在财报电话会上表示,希望为其电动车业务节约约20亿美元的成本。  斯特兰蒂斯在电动车转型中同样举步维艰。2025年上半年,公司净亏损23亿欧元,营业利润率降至仅0.7%。该车企在美国市场需求疲软,为清理库存被迫大幅下调Jeep Wagoneer S等电动车型的售价。  与此同时,关税壁垒和需求疲软还迫使斯特兰蒂斯延长了意大利特尔莫利工厂的停工时间。尽管如此,公司仍在推进转型:推出的STLA Frame平台采用灵活架构,可适配燃油、混动、电动和氢燃料驱动系统。此外,斯特兰蒂斯还斥资15亿欧元收购中国零跑汽车(Leapmotor)21%的股份,希望通过合作保持竞争力。斯特兰蒂斯期望凭借自身行业优势与知名品牌影响力,结合零跑的创新技术,共同推出更具价格竞争力的电动车。  产业政策失策  业内专家认为,价格差距的部分成因显然应归咎于美国未能通过政策手段有效推动电动车发展。美国总统唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)对电动车的态度反复无常,而其《大而美法案》(Big, Beautiful Bill Act)则彻底取消了对新车、二手车及租赁电动车的税收抵免政策。  斯珀林指出,中国数十年来强制要求外国车企与本土车企合资生产电动车,由此培育出了一支精通电动车技术和软件的人才队伍。他建议美国借鉴类似模式:通过“鼓励合资投资”来加速掌握追赶所需的技术,就像斯特兰蒂斯与中国企业那样的合作模式。  “这样就能培养出大批精通电动车技术的技术人员、工程师和工人,”斯珀林说。“而这正是底特律严重缺失的。”  斯珀林并不认同“底特律注定失败”的说法,但强调其未来完全取决于政策走向。在他看来,美国传统车企目前仍依赖SUV和皮卡“吃老本”,并未在电动车或软件上投入足够资源,而中国竞争对手早已掌握了这些技术。  “如果美国继续阻挡中国车企进入市场,同时打压电动车发展,将需要数十年时间才能赶上,”斯珀林说。“但如果政策发生转变,美国完全可以迎头赶上。”(财富中文网)  译者:刘进龙  审校:汪皓  中国电动车价格已低于燃油车,而在美国,电动车平均仍比燃油车贵约1.4万美元,尽管这一差距自2019年以来有所缩小。与此同时,美国“三巨头”的电动车业务依然未能盈利,规模化扩张也进展缓慢。据专家分析,这与缺乏联邦政府支持性政策密切相关。  中国在电动车竞赛中已经跨越了一个重要里程碑:目前,纯电动车价格低于同级别燃油车。相比之下,美国电动车依然存在高额溢价,汽车数据分析公司JATO Dynamics的最新数据显示,平均溢价高达1.4万美元。  加州大学戴维斯分校交通研究所(UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies)创始主任丹·斯珀林(Dan Sperling)在接受《财富》采访时表示,1.4万美元的溢价可能被高估了,但他承认确实存在巨大价差。  斯珀林指出,这一巨大价差并不仅仅反映消费者偏好。中国各地政府竞相争夺电动车产业第一,促成了低成本电动车的“白热化竞争”。再加上本土化供应链优势,中国的劳动力和电池成本也更低。  “虽然人们常提到补贴,但目前补贴的影响已微乎其微,”他补充道。  JATO数据显示,中国燃油车的平均售价为2.25万欧元(约合26,205美元),而纯电动车的平均售价则低3%,为2.19万欧元(约合25,509美元)。这与五年前电动车比燃油车贵10%的局面形成巨大反差。  成果随处可见。中国龙头车企比亚迪(BYD)去年销量突破400万辆,是2020年的十倍,如今,从波哥大到布达佩斯的街头,都能看到比亚迪的身影。在欧洲,比亚迪紧凑型车型海豚(Dolphin)的零售价不足2万欧元(约合23,200美元),约是特斯拉Model 3价格的一半。  分析师此前在接受《财富》采访时表示,比亚迪(BYD)通过不断发布新品、严格控制电池供应链以及甘愿牺牲短期利润的战略,正在全面压制传统车企。  斯珀林则警告称,美国过于沉迷于关税博弈,反而忽视了本土电动车产业的发展。他的话印证了那句老话:最好的防守就是进攻。超过100%的高关税虽然挡住了中国车企进入美国市场,但这种保护措施只是在拖延时间,同时也可能让美国车企失去进取心。  “历史早已证明,绝对保护主义往往会削弱而非增强行业竞争力,”他说。  斯珀林指出,由于缺乏直接竞争压力,通用(GM)、福特(Ford)和斯特兰蒂斯(Stellantis)三大汽车巨头对电动车创新的动力不足。  不过,JATO数据显示,过去五年,美国电动车与燃油车的价差已在缩小。2019年,燃油车比电动车便宜44%;到2024年,这一差距缩小至31%。  尽管已有进展,但斯珀林强调,美国仍然缺乏税收抵免、采购配额以及普遍补贴等推动车企规模化生产电动车的结构性政策。  “三巨头”的困境  可以肯定的是,尽管电动车业务亏损不断累积,汽车制造商们仍在大力推进电动车战略。  福特(Ford)本月宣布斥资50亿美元启动新电动车计划,将改造其肯塔基州工厂,以期到2027年投产售价3万美元的电动皮卡,这是其实现电动车规模化生产的雄心勃勃之举。  分析师指出,此举可能成为福特历史性的产业革新,也可能让本已亏损的业务部门再损失数十亿美元。自2023年初以来,福特电动车部门累计亏损已超120亿美元。  通用汽车(GM)今年6月也宣布向其电动车业务在内的本土制造业投资40亿美元。2024年第四季度,通用电动车产品组合实现了“单车利润转正”,即每售出一辆电动车都能覆盖其生产成本(但不包括劳动力或电动车工厂等固定成本)。  通用拥有美国市场第二大电动车产品线,销量仅次于特斯拉。然而,法国巴黎银行Exane(BNP Paribas Exane)高级汽车研究分析师詹姆斯·皮卡列罗(James Picariello)此前向《财富》透露,据其估算,通用去年生产并销售给经销商的18.9万辆电动车共计亏损约25亿美元。  今年早些时候,通用在财报电话会上表示,希望为其电动车业务节约约20亿美元的成本。  斯特兰蒂斯在电动车转型中同样举步维艰。2025年上半年,公司净亏损23亿欧元,营业利润率降至仅0.7%。该车企在美国市场需求疲软,为清理库存被迫大幅下调Jeep Wagoneer S等电动车型的售价。  与此同时,关税壁垒和需求疲软还迫使斯特兰蒂斯延长了意大利特尔莫利工厂的停工时间。尽管如此,公司仍在推进转型:推出的STLA Frame平台采用灵活架构,可适配燃油、混动、电动和氢燃料驱动系统。此外,斯特兰蒂斯还斥资15亿欧元收购中国零跑汽车(Leapmotor)21%的股份,希望通过合作保持竞争力。斯特兰蒂斯期望凭借自身行业优势与知名品牌影响力,结合零跑的创新技术,共同推出更具价格竞争力的电动车。  产业政策失策  业内专家认为,价格差距的部分成因显然应归咎于美国未能通过政策手段有效推动电动车发展。美国总统唐纳德·特朗普(Donald Trump)对电动车的态度反复无常,而其《大而美法案》(Big, Beautiful Bill Act)则彻底取消了对新车、二手车及租赁电动车的税收抵免政策。  斯珀林指出,中国数十年来强制要求外国车企与本土车企合资生产电动车,由此培育出了一支精通电动车技术和软件的人才队伍。他建议美国借鉴类似模式:通过“鼓励合资投资”来加速掌握追赶所需的技术,就像斯特兰蒂斯与中国企业那样的合作模式。  “这样就能培养出大批精通电动车技术的技术人员、工程师和工人,”斯珀林说。“而这正是底特律严重缺失的。”  斯珀林并不认同“底特律注定失败”的说法,但强调其未来完全取决于政策走向。在他看来,美国传统车企目前仍依赖SUV和皮卡“吃老本”,并未在电动车或软件上投入足够资源,而中国竞争对手早已掌握了这些技术。  “如果美国继续阻挡中国车企进入市场,同时打压电动车发展,将需要数十年时间才能赶上,”斯珀林说。“但如果政策发生转变,美国完全可以迎头赶上。”(财富中文网)  译者:刘进龙  审校:汪皓   China has already made EVs cheaper than gas cars, while U.S. EVs carry a premium of about $14,000, though the gap has shrunk since 2019. Meanwhile, the Big Three remain unprofitable on EVs and slow to scale, a struggle tied to a lack of supportive policies from the federal government, according an expert.  China has now crossed a massive benchmark in the electric-car race: battery-powered vehicles are now cheaper than their gas counterparts. In the U.S., by contrast, EVs still face a steep premium; roughly $14,000 on average, according to new data from JATO dynamics, an automotive data analytics firm.  Dan Sperling, founding director of the UC Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, told Fortune he thought the $14,000 figure was overestimated – but conceded that there was a strong, real gap.  That chasm reflects more than just consumer preferences, Sperling said. In China, there’s also been a “frenzy of competition” to make low-cost EVs, with the heads of different provinces trying to oust each other for the top spot. Labor and battery costs are also lower in China, thanks to its domestic supply chains.  “People talk about subsidies, but at this point the subsidy effect is pretty minor,” he added.  The average price of a Chinese internal combustion engine is 22,500 (approximately $26,205), whereas a battery electric vehicle costs 3% less, or 21,900 ($25,509) on average, according to JATO. That’s a big change from just five years ago, when gas EVs cost 10% more.  The results are visible everywhere. Leading Chinese automaker BYD sold more than 4 million cars last year—10 times what it sold in 2020—and now dominates roads across the world, from Bogotá to Budapest. In Europe, its compact Dolphin model retails for under 20,000 ($23,200), roughly half the price of Tesla’s Model 3.  BYD’s relentless pace of new launches, tight control of its battery supply chain, and willingness to sacrifice short-term profits are overwhelming legacy automakers, analysts previously told Fortune. China’s trade partners also argue that Beijing is fueling overproduction that’s flooding export markets with cut-rate EVs.  Meanwhile, Sperling warned that the U.S. is too caught up playing tariff games to develop its own EV industry. His words echoed the old adage that the best defense is offense. Tariffs of more than 100% have kept Chinese cars out of the American market, a protection that may buy time, but also risks making U.S. automakers complacent.  “There’s a long history showing that absolute protectionism undermines an industry rather than supports it,” he said.  Without the pressure of direct competition, the Big Three of the automotive industry – GM, Ford and Stellantis – have less incentive to innovate with EVs, Sperling said.  Still, the U.S. has also improved EV affordability relative to gas cars over the last five years, according to the JATO data. In 2019, gas cars were 44% cheaper than electric cars, and in 2024 the gap narrowed to 31%.  But while progress is being made, Sperling said that the U.S. is missing the kind of structural policies – tax credits, purchase mandates, subsidies generally – that spur automakers to build EVs at scale.  The struggles of the Big Three  To be sure, automakers are attempting large EV pushes, even as EV-related losses pile up.  Ford announced a new $5 billion EV initiative this month, where the automaker will reconfigure its Kentucky plant to build a $30,000 electric pickup by 2027, an ambitious attempt to build EVs at scale.  Analysts say it could either mark a historic reinvention or sink billions more into an already money-losing division: Ford’s EV arm has racked up more than $12 billion in losses since early 2023.  GM also announced in June that it’s investing $4 billion in domestic manufacturing, including its EV wing. In the last quarter of 2024, GM’s electric portfolio became “value profit positive,” meaning that for each electric vehicle sale, GM covers the costs of making each car (but not the fixed costs involved, such as the labor or the EV plants).  GM has the second most robust EV portfolio in the American market, sitting behind Tesla in terms of total sales. However, James Picariello, senior automotive research analyst at BNP Paribas Exane, previously told Fortune that he estimated GM lost some $2.5 billion on the 189,000 electric vehicles it built and sold to dealerships last year.  Earlier this year, GM said on an earnings call that it hoped to bring about $2 billion in savings improvement for its EVs.  Stellantis has also stumbled in its EV transition, posting a 2.3 billion net loss in the first half of 2025 as operating margins shrank to just 0.7%. The automaker has struggled to spark U.S. demand, slashing prices on electric models like the Jeep Wagoneer S to move inventory.  At the same time, tariffs and weak demand have pushed Stellantis to extend furloughs at its Termoli site in Italy. Yet the company is still pressing forward: it unveiled the STLA Frame platform, a flexible architecture supporting gas, hybrid, EV, and hydrogen drivetrains. Additionally, Stellantis partnered with China’s Leapmotor in hopes of staying in the game, investing 1.5 billion for a 21% stake in the company. Stellantis hopes that its incumbent advantage and respected brand can combine with the Leapmotor’s innovation to deliver a more affordable EV.  Industrial policy failures  For industry experts, part of the price gap is clearly attributable to the U.S. failure to promote electric vehicles with policies. President Donald Trump has flip-flopped on his opinion of EVs, but his Big, Beautiful Bill act ended tax credits for new, used and leased EVs.  Meanwhile, China’s decades of forced joint ventures – requiring foreign automakers to partner with domestic automakers in EV manufacturing – built a workforce fluent in EV technology and software, Sterling said. For America, he suggested a version of that approach:“encourage joint venture investments” to accelerate the know-how needed to catch up, like the one that Stellantis is doing with China.  “You create a whole cadre of technicians and engineers and workers that are adept with the technology,” Sterling said.“Detroit is badly lacking that.”  He rejected the idea that Detroit is doomed, but stressed it depends entirely on policy. In his view, legacy U.S. automakers are currently coasting on SUVs and pickups, without making the investments in EVs or software that Chinese rivals have already mastered.  “If the U.S. continues to keep out the Chinese and discourages electric vehicles, it will take decades to catch up,” Sterling said.“But if policies change, yes, it can catch up for sure.”  财富中文网所刊载内容之知识产权为财富媒体知识产权有限公司及/或相关权利人专属所有或持有。未经许可,禁止进行转载、摘编、复制及建立镜像等任何使用。

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